Internet Modern History Sourcebook:
The Early Modern West
Notes:
WEB |
Link to a World Wide Web site |
MEGA |
Link to a site which offers a guide to the net. |
RG |
Reading Guide to a text |
SUMMARY |
Summary (notes) sheet of period/issue |
Paul Halsall, [email protected],
Sourcebook Compiler
Research Help: Although I am more than happy to receive notes if you have comments on this web site, I
cannot answer specific research enquiries [and - for students - I cannot, or rather will
not, do your homework.] See the HELP! page
for more suggestions on texts and research.
IMPORTANT: New Structure for the Modern History SourcebookAs of January 20 1999, the Internet Modern History Sourcebook has been completely reorganized. Each of the main sections had became too large
[nearly 300k] to maintain as one file. To see the new arrangement go to the Main Index. The four older index files - Early
Modern (this page)| Three Revolutions | 19th Century | Modern World - will
all remain available indefinitely, and the URLs of individual files will not alter. But no
new texts (after 12/31/1998) will be added to these large index pages. For new texts, use
the new structure, or check the New Additions page.The new structure also includes a comprehensive Full Texts index, a HELP! page, and a Search page.
CONTENTS
- Main
- Early Modern Europe [this page]
- Scientific, Political, and Industrial Revolutions:
The Transformation of the West
- The Long 19th Century: The Hegemony
of the West
- VI: The Century of Ideology and Power
- The Council of Vienna System and Challenges
- Nationalism
- Liberalism
- Conservatism
- 19th-Century Feminism
- 1848: Europe in Revolt
- Britain
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Other Western European Countries
- Eastern European Countries
- Power and Ideology in the US: North vs. South
- Canada: Another North American Society
- Latin America
- Australia and New Zealand
- Responses to Economic Growth: Socialism and Marxism
- Responses to Economic Growth: Imperialism
- The Second Industrial Revolution and Advanced Capitalism
- Contradictions of the Enlightenment: Darwin, Freud, Einstein and Modern Art
- Religion in the Face of Modernity
- War, Conflict and Progress : The
Emerging World
- VII: The End of European Hegemony
- World War I
- The Russian Revolution
- An Age of Anxiety?
- The Depression
- Nazism and World War II
- The Holocaust
- VIII: World Since 1945
- A Bipolar World
- America as World Leader: External Power, Internal Change
- Europe, Yalta to Malta
- Decolonization
- Globalization
- Modern Latin America
- Social Movements
- Post-War Popular Culture
- Post-World War II Philosophy
- Post-World War II Religious Thought
- Science and Technology
- New Additions Page
From July 1, 1998 additions to the Modern History Sourcebook will be recorded in this list of document accessions.
I: Reformation Europe
Precursors and Papal Critics
Luther
- WEB Project
Wittenberg
Sources on Luther and the Lutheran tradition.
- WEB Selected
Works of Martin Luther, 1483 - 1546 [At ICLNet]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): 95
Theses, 1517 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
See also 95 Theses - in
Latin [At Medieval Sourcebook]
Catholic Encyclopedia: Martin
Luther [the Catholic Encyclopedia is usually reliable as to facts, but this is
a rather biased presentation.]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): Letter to
Archbishop of Mainz, 1517 [On Indulgences][At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Luther's Tower Experience, 1519 [At this Site]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): To the Christian Nobility of
the German Nation [At Hanover]
See also Introduction to this text. [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): To the Christian
Nobility of the German Nation, excerpts. [At Northpark]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): Address To The Nobility of the
German Nation, 1520, full text [At this Site]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): Against Catholicism, 1535, [At
this Site]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): Commentary on the Epistle to
the Galatians, 1535, abridged, but very long, [At this Site]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): The Smalcald Articles,
1537, [At CCNY]
On the pope.
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): On
the Freedom of a Christian, extracts [At WSU]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): On the Freedom of a
Christian, full text [At this Site]
see also Martin Luther: Von der Freiheit eines
Christenmenschen, In German [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): The
German Mass and Order of Divine Service [At Hanover]
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): Luther Before 1517: Letters to
Spalatin [At this Site]
These letters are interesting in showing Luther's atitude towards Rome and towards
theology. They also reveal that Luther's hatred of Jews, best seen in his 1543 letter, was
not some affectation of old age, but was present very early on.
- Martin Luther (1483-1546): The Jews and Their Lies 1543 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Pope Leo X : Exsurge
Domine, June 15 1520 [At Apana.org]
The papal Bull which condemned Martin Luther.
Calvin
- WEB Calvin Full Texts [index at
Hanover]
- John Calvin (1509-1564): Institutes of the
Christian Religion, excerpts, [At Northpark]
- John Calvin (1509-1564): On Predestination, [At this
Site]
- John Calvin (1509-1564): The
Necessity of Reforming the Church, 1543 [At SWRB]
- John Calvin (1509-1564): The
Order of Excommunication and of Public Repentance 1569 [At SWRB]
- John Calvin (1509-1564): Letter to the King [On the Clergy][At Medieval Sourcebook]
- The Heidelberg Catechism,1542
[At CCEL]
The standard Calvinist confession of faith.
- Ordinances For The Regulation of
the Churches Dependent Upon the Seigniory of Geneva, 1547 [At Hanover]
See also Catholic Encyclopedia:
Calvin, John and Richard Hooker: Introduction to Calvin
- Nicholas de la Fontaine: The
Complaint Against Michael Servetus, 14 August, 1553 [At Hanover]
Servetus was a unitarian who attracted the disapproval of Calvin. Calvin had him attacked,
handed over to the Inquisition in Lyons, where he was burnt.
- The Belgic Confession, 1561 (1619 version) [At
this Site]
- The Canons of the Synod of Dordt, 1618-1619 [At this Site]
- Calvinist Ideas of Legimate Resistence to the State.
Radical Reformers
English and Scottish Reformation
- WEB Oremus:
An Anglican Liturgical Library
- Archbishop Thomas Cramner (1489-1556): Letter on Henry VIII's
Divorce, 1533 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547) : Act of
Supremacy, 1534. [At Northpark]
- Anne Boleyn (1507?-1536): To Henry VIII, from
the Tower of London, 1536 [At Letters Magazine]
- The Suppression of
Glastonbury Abbey, 1539 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- William Roper: The Life of Sir Thomas More [At this
Site]
More was canonized in 1935.
- The Book of Common Prayer, 1662
[At BCP]
With some texts from the first Book of Common Prayer of 1549 and the second Book of 1552.
- Touching for the
King's Evil (Scrofula) [At BCP]
- Queen Elizabeth I: Proclamation
to Forbid Preaching, 1558 [At Hanover]
- The Act of
Uniformity, 1559, [At BCP]
- The 1559 Injunctions [At
Hanover]
- The Thirty Nine Articles, 1571, 1662 [At this Site]
Strongly Calvinist Anglicanism
- Richard Hooker: A
Learned Discourse of Justification, Works, and how the Foundationof Faith is Overthrown [At CCEL]
- Richard Hooker (1554?-1600): A
Sermon [At bibleclass.com][Full Text]
- Puritan Voices [At Hanover]
Nehemiah Wallington, Diary; Josias Nichols, A Plea for the Innocent; Anonymous, Letter
from Hell; Anonymous, Aminadab Blower
- James I & VI (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland), r. {England} 1603 - 1625): from Anglicanism, 1616 [At this Site]
Represents a much closer approach to "middle way Anglicanism".
- Archbishop William Laud (1573-1645): Visitation Articles,
1635 [At this Site]
- Puritan Voices [At Hanover]
- Thomas Browne (1605-1682): Religio Medici, 1643
[At this Site]
- John Foxe (1516-1587): Book of Martyrs [At CCEL][Full text]
- John Knox (c.1514-1572)
- John Knox: The First
Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: Knox's Call
to the Ministry and First Public Debate, 1547 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A Faithful
Admonition to the Professors of God's Truth, 1554 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A Vindication
of the Doctrine that the Sacrifice of the Mass is Idolatry, 1550 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: The
Appellation from the Sentence Pronounced by the Bishop and Clergy, 1558 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A Summary-
According to the Holy Scriptures - of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 1550 [At
SWRB]
- John Knox: A Treatise on
Prayer- or- a Confession- and Declaration of Prayers Added Thereto, 1553 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A Brief
Exhortation to England- for the Speedy Embracing of the Gospel Heretofore by the Tyranny
of Mary Suppressed and Banished, 1559 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: An Epistle to
the Inhabitants of Newcastle and Berwick, 1558 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A Godly
Letter of Warning or Admonition to the Faithful in London, Newcastle, and Berwick,
1553 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: Letters to
His Brethren- and the Lords Professing the Truth in Scotland, 1557 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: Letter to the
Queen Dowager- Regent of Scotland (Augmented Version), 1558 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A
Letter of Wholesome Counsel- Addressed to His Brethren in Scotland, 1556 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: A
Notable and Comfortable Exposition upon Matthew IV, Concerning the Temptation of Christ in
the Wilderness, 1556 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: An
Exposition Upon the Sixth Psalm of David, 1553 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: Two
Comfortable Epistles to His Afflicted Brethren in England, 1554 [At SWRB]
- John Knox: Answers to
Some Questions Concerning Baptism- etc., 1556 [At SWRB]
- The Scottish
Confession of Faith, 1560 [At Presbyterian Heritage]
- Westminster Confession of Faith,
1646 [At Presbyterian reformed Site]
- The Psalms of David in
Meter [At SWRB]
The basis of Scottish Presbyterian church worship.
- Scottish General Assembly: Letter to the Kirks in the
Netherlands, Edinburgh, June 4, 1644 [At SWRB]
Catholic Reform
- Precursors
- The Council of Trent
- The Society of Jesus
- Other Catholic Reformers
Conflict
Women and Reformation
- Reformers on Marriage.
- Witchcraft Documents [At Medieval Sourcebook] inc. the Papal Bull of 1484, Johannes Nider on witches, and
extracts from the Malleus malificaram
Back to Index
II: The Ancient Regime
The Early Modern World System
- The European "Age of Discovery"
- WEB See Discovers' Web [At Tue.nl]
Includes a List of
Online Primary Sources
- WEB See Columbus and the Age of Discovery
A splendid, and searchable, collection of over 1100 text articles on Columbus and the
encounter of two worlds
- WEB See Columbus Navigation Homepage
With maps of the various voyages.
- The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, c. 1000
from The Saga of Eric the Red, (1387) [At this Site]
- Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Selections from Journal,
1492 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
- Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Letter to Lord Raphael
Sanchez, 14 March 1493 [At Clinch Valley College]
- Christopher Columbus (1451-1506): Letter to King and Queen of
Spain, prob. 1494 [At Medieval Sourcebook] or here [At
AmericanRev]
- Vasco da Gama (1460-1524): Round Africa to India,
1497-1498 CE [At this Site]
- Amerigo Vespucci (1452-1512): Account of His First
Voyage, 1497 [At this Site]
- Fra Soncino: Letter to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan,
Regarding John Cabot's First Voyage, 1497 CE [At this Site]
- John Cabot (c.1450-1499): Voyage to North America,
1497 [At this Site]
- Hans Mayr: The Voyage and Acts of Dom Francisco, 1505-
[At this Site]
Activities in Africa
- Ferdinand Magellan's Voyage Round the World, 1519-1522
CE [At this Site]
- Francis Pretty: Sir Francis Drake's Famous Voyage Round
The World, 1580 [At this Site]
- Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618): The Discovery of
Guiana, 1595 [At this Site]
- Sidi Ali Reis (16th Century CE): Mirat ul Memalik (The
Mirror of Countries), 1557 CE [At this Site]
Europeans were not the only ones to look at other cultures. This is a Turkish Admiral's
account of his travels in the world of India and the Middle East.
- The Conquest and Exploitation of the Americas
- WEB CULTURAL
READINGS: Colonization & Print in the Americas [At UPenn]
- Inca Creation Myth,
written c 1556 [At CCNY]
- The Popul-Vuh [At Stanford]
The Mayan Creation myth.
- WEB Spanish
Conquest of Native America [At floridahistory]
- Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, 1519 [At this Site]
- 2ND William Hickling Prescott: The History of the Conquest of Mexico,
1843 [At BBS Laguna]
- Hernan Cortés: Second Letter to Charles V, 1520 [At this
Site]
A description of his conquest and its riches.
- Moctezuma's
Greeting to Hernan Cortes [At CCNY]
- Pedro de Cieza de Léon: Chronicles of the Incas,
1540 [At this Site]
- Bartolemeo De La Casas: A Short Account of the
Destruction of the Indies, 1542, excerpts [At Clinch Valley College]
- Phillip II of Spain (1527-1598): Two Letters on
the Gold of the Indies, 1559 [At Northpark]
- Francisco Lopez de Mendoza Grajales: The Founding of St.
Augustine, 1565 [At this Site]
- Edward Haies: Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Voyage To
Newfoundland, 1583 [At this Site]
- Elizabeth I: Charter to Sir
Walter Raleigh, 1584 [At Yale]
- Charter of the Dutch West India
Company, 1621 [At Yale]
- Thomas Hariot: A Briefe
and True Report of the New Found Land of VIRGINIA, full text, [At Virginia]
- The Creation of Latin American Cultures
- Biographic Sources On Spaniards In The New World,
16th-17th Centuries [At this Site]
- The New Laws of the Indies, 1542 [At this Site]
Spain's pro-Indian laws.
- Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: Adventures
in the Unknown Interior of America, 1542, translated and annotated by Cyclone Covey
(1963, copyright not renewed), full text [At Eldritch]
"The semi-official report to the king of Spain by the ranking surviving officer of a
royal expedition to conquer Florida which fantastically miscarried."
- Lope de Aguirre: Letter from to King Philip of Spain,
1561 [At this Site]
- Hubert Howe Bancroft: Burial of an Archbishop-Viceroy in
Mexico City, 1612 [At this Site]
- Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648-1695): Poems [At Sappho]
- Antonio Valeriano: Nican Mopohua,
(or Huei Tlamahuitzoltica) [At Guadaloupe page].
The story of Our Lady of Guadaloupe, who is said to have appeared in 1531. Written in
Nahuatl, the Aztec language, around the middle of the sixteenth century. This copy
published in Nahuatl by Luis Lasso de la Vega in 1649.
- Henry C Lea (1829-1909): The Inquisition in 17th-Century
Peru: Cases of Portuguese Judaizers [At this Site]
- Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa: Colonial Lima, from A
Voyage to South America, 1748 [At MS State]
- African Cultures
- South and South-East Asia
- East Asia
- St. Francis Xavier: Letter from India, to the Society of
Jesus at Rome, 1543 [At this Site]
- St. Francis Xavier: Letter on the Missions, to St.
Ignatius de Loyola, 1549 [At this Site]
- St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of
Jesus at Goa, 1551 [At this Site]
- St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of
Jesus in Europe, 1552 [At this Site]
- Documents on the Chinese Rites Controversy, 1692,
1715, 1721, excerpts [At this Site]
How the Catholic Church "lost" China.
- Will Adams: My Coming to Japan, 1611 [At this
Site]
- Hsu Kuang-chi: Memorial to Fra Matteo Ricci, 1617
[At this Site]
- Mendez Pinto: The Woman with the Cross, c. 1630 [At
this Site]
A Chinese Christian woman.
- Père du Halde: Teaching Science to the Manchu Emperor, c.
1680 [At this Site]
- Père du Halde: The Manchu Emperor and Chinese Music, c.
1680 [At this Site]
- Père du Halde: Chinese Punishments, c. 1680 [At
this Site]
- Père Gerbillon: A Visit to a Lama, c. 1690 [At this
Site]
- WEB Chinese Province of the Society of
Jesus
- The Middle East: Ottomans and Safavids - Rivals of European Powers
- Eastern Europe Becomes a Peripheral Area
- Reflections on the Trade and the New Economy
Structures of Life
- Everyday Life
- From Popular Culture to Mass Culture
Structures of Politics -
Absolutism
- Spain
- England
- James I & VI (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland), r. {England} 1603 - 1625): A Trew Law of
Free Monarchies, excerpts, [At Northpark]
Also includes and address to parliament in 1610.
- James I & VI (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland), r. {England} 1603 - 1625): True Law of Free Monarchies, 1598 [At this Site]
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Leviathan, 1651, extracts [At
this Site]
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Leviathan,
1651, extracts [At Northpark]
- Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Leviathan,
1651 [At Virginia Tech][Full Text]
- France
- The Crisis: The French Wars of Religion
- The Creation of Absolutist France
- The Sun King
- Bishop Jacques Bossuet: Political
Treatise on Kingship [At Clinch Valley College][Excerpts]
- Bishop Jacques Bossuet: Political
Treatise on Kingship [At Hanover][Excerpts]
RG Reading Guide
- Jean Domat (1625-1696): On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy,
1697 [At this Site]
RG Reading Guide
- Louis XIV: Letter to the Town
Officers and People of Marseilles, August 26, 1664 [At Hanover]
On economic modernization.
- Louis XIV: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, October
22, 1685 [At this Site]
- Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV, from Memoires [At this Site]
- Comte de Saint Simon: Memoires of of Louis XIV [At Clinch Valley College][Excerpts]
- The Duchess of Orleans: Versailles Etiquette, 1704 [At
this Site]
- Louis XIV: Accounts, [At
Hanover][Excerpts]
- L'hercule
triomphant ou les heureux succès de sa Majesté en son voyage de Normandie, 1650,
in French [At Bib. Lisieux].
- Le Manifeste
de la Noblesse de Normandie par lequel elle déclare reconnaître son Altesse Royale
pour Lieutenant Général pour le Roy et se joint aux Princes et aux Parlements pour
mettre en exécution les déclarations et arrêt donnés contre le Cardinal Mazarin,1652,
in French [At Bib. Lisieux]
- Effects of Absolutism on Trade and Empire
- French Culture of the 16th and 17th Centuries
England, Holland, and America -
Alternative Polities and Economies
- The English Revolution
- Tudor Governmnt
- The Stuart Challenge
- James I & VI (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland), r. {England} 1603 - 1625): A Trew Law of
Free Monarchies, excerpts, [At Northpark]
Also includes and address to parliament in 1610.
- James I & VI (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland), r. {England} 1603 - 1625): True Law of Free Monarchies, 1598 [At this Site]
- Touching for the
King's Evil (Scrofula) [At BCP]
The service based in the idea that the king could cure by touch.
- The Gunpowder-Plot, 1605
[At Armistead]
The trial of Guy Fawkes and others - full transcription of the trial of the conspirators
in the Gunpowder-Plot.
- Charles I : Declaration of
Sports [At Hanover]
- Petition of Right,
1628 [At American Revolution]
- The King and Queenes Entertainement
at Richmond. September 12, 1636. (Charles II.) [At Oregon]
- Civil War and Revolution
- Radicals
- WEB The World Turned Upside Down
A Major site on the radicals during the English Revolution, with many online texts..
- WEB The Levellers Page
- WEB Gerrard
Winstanley and the Diggers
- WEB Writings of Gerrard Winstanley
- An Agreement of the
People for A firme and present Peace, upon grounds of common-right and freedome, 1647
[At The World Turned Upside Down]
- Sir William Clarke: The Putney
Debates, 1647 [At Northpark]
A debate concerning the "Agreement of the People," a kind of social contract for
the revolutionary English government, written by John Wildman (1623-1693).
- The Bloody Project Or a discovery of the New Designe, in the present War., 1648 [At The World
Turned Upside Down]
An early antiwar tract, written during the second round of the English Civil War.
- Statement
of the Levellers, 1649 [At WSU]
- Gerrard Winstanley: The
True Levellers Standard Advanced [At Campbell]
- Radical Women During the English Revolution, excerpts [At
this Site]
- Religious Groups
- Baptists
- Quakers
- WEB Quaker Writings Homepage
- WEB Quaker Historical Texts
- 2ND Catholic Encyclopedia: Society of
Friends (Quakers) [Factually reliable, but with some biased attitudes.]
- George Fox (1624-98): Autobiography, [At
Wheaton][Full Text]
- George Fox (1624-98): Concerning Revelation, Prophecy, Spirit, Measure and the
Rule; and the Sufficiency of the Spirit [At Quaker Writings]
- George Fox and Other Quakers (attrib): Letter to the Governor of Barbadoes,1671
[At cpcug]
- Edward Burrough: The
Epistle To The Reader, London the 9. Mo. 1658 an introduction to The Great Mystery of
the Great Whore of Babylon Unfolded by George Fox. [At The World Turned Upside Down]
A brief history of the early Quaker movement, in an epistle written in 1658 as an
introduction to a book written by George Fox defending the Quaker faith.
- William Penn: A Key, 1692 [At
Delphi]
- William Penn: A Letter to the
King of Poland On behalf of the Friends of Dantzic, 1677 [At Delphi]
- Isaac Pennington (1616-1679): The
Light Within [At Quaker Writings]
- Margaret Fell (1614-1702): Women's
Speaking Justified, 1666 or 1667 [At Quaker Historical Texts]
- John Woolman (1720-1772): Journal, full text, [At this
Site]
Journal of an 18th century English Quaker and his travels among Friends in America.
- Richmond Conference (Quakers): Declaration
of Faith , 1887 [At cpcug]
but see another opinion
- Restoration
- The Glorious Revolution
- Philosophical Reflections on English Politics
- John Milton (1608-1674): Areopagitica,1643 [At this
Site]
A defence of freedom of the press.
- John Locke (1632-1704): Some Thoughts Concerning
Education, 1692 [At this Site]
- John Locke (1632-1704): A Letter
Concerning Toleration, 1689 [At Virginia Tech][Full Text]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Letter
Concerning Toleration, 1689 [At CMU][Full Text]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Letter
Concerning Toleration, 1689, excerpts [At Northpark]
- John Locke (1632-1704): A Letter Concerning
Toleration, 1689, excerpts [At American Revolution]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Two Treatises of Government,
1690, selections, [At this Site]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Concerning Civil
Government, Second Essay [At Virginia Tech][Full Text]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Second
Treatise on Government [At Hanover][Full Text]
RG Reading Guide
- John Locke (1632-1704): An Essay Concerning
the true original, extent, and end of Civil Government, 1689, excerpts [At American
Revolution]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Second
Treatise on Government, 1689, excerpts [At Northpark]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Of Political or Civil
Society, from Second Treatise, Chapter 7 [At Liberty Online]
- John Locke (1632-1704): Of the Beginning of
Political Societies, from Second Treatise, Chapter 8 [At Liberty Online]
- Voltaire (1694-1778): On English Government,
from Philosophical Dictionary, 1764 [At Civnet]
- English Culture in the 17th and 18th Centuries
- The Netherlands
- Mercantile Capitalism
- Internationalist Ideas
Back to Index
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[email protected]
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© Site Concept and Design: Paul Halsall created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 February 2025 [CV]
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